Effective Essay Topics

Effective Essay TopicsThe key to writing a strong cause/effect essay is to choose topics that are also the topic of discussion at school. Of course, it goes without saying that if the topic is already part of your school curriculum, you will need to make sure that you use it. Here are some ideas for topics that will not only be interesting to the students but will also help you gain credit for your writing skills as well.These are topics that will not only be interesting to the students but will also help you gain credit for your writing skills as well. These topics are issues that may be of interest to both the students and professors. For example, if you are writing a thesis, you could include issues such as the cure for AIDS or the cure for cancer. These topics are both topics that are of interest to the student body and to the professor in charge of grading.Another idea for topics is one of a critical essay. In this kind of essay, the topic will be one that interests you and that will help you earn points in the classroom. These topics could include things like the issues of guilt and innocence and the cases of someone who committed a heinous crime.Other than these, there are also other cause/effect essay topics that you can consider. For example, if you are going into medical school, you could discuss how certain treatments will benefit a patient. Or if you are going into an educational field, you could consider topics such as the causes of war, the causes of disease, and so on. The great thing about these topics is that they are topics that are not only interesting but also teach students more about a particular topic.There are other causes/effect essay topics that you might want to consider as well. For example, if you are looking to quit smoking, you could discuss why you decided to quit. Or if you're looking into homeschooling, you could explore the different challenges that you might face if you decide to do so. These topics are also topics that not o nly are interesting but also help you think about your own beliefs and values.There are many different ideas for cause/effect essay topics that you can explore. However, one thing is for sure - these topics will help you earn points in the classroom and give you the opportunity to share ideas with other students as well. They are topics that help you connect with students. And they are topics that are interesting enough that students will remember what you wrote.So, if you are going into medical school or if you are going into a career that involves researching topics, then consider using cause/effect essay topics. It will help you gain some valuable points while earning extra credit from the school's grading system.

Serial Podcast Evaluation Essay - 1485 Words

Casey Laudadio Serial Multi ­Genre Research Project Essay Jay Wilds should be credited with the murder of Hae Min Lee. This is attributed to Jays testimony being everything that the State has on Adnan Syed, which, is a testimony that is saturated with inconsistencies and falsified information. This research project will examine Jay to the core by tapping into all the evidence found in this case as well as referencing viable news articles  ­ the argument that Mr. Wilds is responsible for the death of Hae Min Lee. The research project and its conclusion will analyze this murder ­mystery from a different angle, pinning Jay as the killer and Jenn as a co ­conspirator, and evaluating possible motives. I chose this topic for a number of†¦show more content†¦We don’t see much of Jay, rather, we hear quite a lot. What we are hearing from Jay is a mess of carefully plotted lies. As I have discovered, Jay is an incredible liar. This leads me to the first part of my theory. This is at the heart of things for me: Jay is a fabulous liar. He lies about little, inconsequential things. He lies about enormous, critical things. He lies the spectrum and all shades of the rainbow. Whats more, he lies about why he lies. And then he lies about why he lied about lying. He is an endurance, distance liar. He lies for attention, and he lies to divert attention . He lies with intent. He lies with purpose. He lies on cue. He lies for unfathomable reasons. He lies, and then he lies some more. Jay is a ceaseless liar. The way I can tell Jay is lying during his interview with The Intercept, is his constant change in past and present tense verbs. 2. Verb tense. Truthful people usually describe historical events in the past tense. Deceptive people sometimes refer to past events as if the events were occurring in the present. Describing past events using the present tense suggests that people are rehearsing the events in their mind. Investigators should pay particular attention to points in a narrative at which the speaker shifts to inappropriate present tense usage. We see this in even the first seven statements in Jay’s interview,Show MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesProcesses 550 Training and Development Programs 551 Types of Training 551 †¢ Training Methods 553 †¢ Evaluating Effectiveness 554 Performance Evaluation 554 What Is Performance? 555 †¢ Purposes of Performance Evaluation 555 †¢ What Do We Evaluate? 555 †¢ Who Should Do the Evaluating? 556 †¢ Methods of Performance Evaluation 558 †¢ Suggestions for Improving Performance Evaluations 560 †¢ Providing Performance Feedback 562 †¢ International Variations in Performance Appraisal 563 Managing Work–Life Conflicts in Organizations

School Is An Important Part Of Our Lives - 845 Words

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Solving Great Wall Restaurant Problems

Question: Discuss about the Solving Great Wall Restaurant Problems. Answer: Introduction: The food and beverage industry is one of the growing businesses that majority of the entrepreneurs' are happy to engage in s the returns are high. It is normal for the sector to be on the rise as the population of people globally is high, and all these people need food to consume. Also, it is important to note that people not only need food of any kind but high-quality food with good taste. This factor makes hotels win different numbers of customers. Quality services are a guarantee of more sales and high profits. Tastes and preferences of the customers make the hotels become more famous and recommended globally. It is, therefore, very crucial for hotel owners to make their businesses the most attractive by offering the best service as competition is high. Having a competitive advantage does not last for long in the market has changes in the industry are daily events (Porter, 2011). Market research is necessary to know the variations in the market and what the customers need (Mager, 2008, pp. 255-256). Market growth and development of any hotel needs it to identify the needs of the customers which are ever changing and find ways of ensuring their satisfaction. The customer is always right and priority to the business as he ensures its continuity by buying the products it offers. The people with the mandate to do all these activities are the managers as they control the work of the hotels to ensure that the customers get what they needed without disappointments. Conflicts and wrangles in the job among the stakeholders threaten the life of the organization (Franks, et al, 2014, pp.7576-7581).The managers must act as mediators' in times of conflicts and be fair in judgments to avoid disparities among the stakeholders. All the time the firms must avail all requirements for execution of jobs and provide a conducive environment for the employees. The workers, on the other hand, have an obligation to work towards the achievement of the organization goals and objectives. However, it is not possible to ensure a smooth running of the activities of the organization and conflicts may arise. In the case of such event occurring the managers have a duty to solve the issues and ensure continuity of business activities. Business activities stoppage may lead to losses which must be avoided all the time. Employees are human beings and must be treated well with love and care. The leaders or employees must not intimidate the other as all the parties in any firm s are paramount. Motivation and consultation in the decision making of the employees are crucial to give them morale in their daily activities as they see themselves valued by the business management. The management team must try by all means to ensure that their businesses have high sales. The reward of any business enterprise is profit making and not losses. Survival of the great competition companies must be creative and innovative in coming up with services which are different from their competitors. In the hotel industry, a hotel should produce products which are unique and tasty to attract more customer (McElhaney, 2009, pp. 30-36). Aim Approach The Great Wall Restaurant is doing great in the food and beverage industry as it has high sales and market share. However, the company has many internal conflicts which must be solved to ensure smooth continuity of business. Also, the company needs new methods of carrying out its activities to compete adequately with other competitors who have adopted change. As a consultant in the hospitality industry, I am trying to check ways that the organization can change to ensure business activities continue frequently. The firm is experiencing high competition, and it can use the porter's five forces analysis to enable it to know how to fight the competition be a market leader (Porter, 2008, pp.25-40). The five forces are the following. The threat of new markets entrants who are the increasing entrepreneurs' who see an opportunity in the industry to grab it. The new arrivals come with new ways of doing business with an aim to be the most attractive than the existing businesses. Threat substitutes is another challenge for businesses from competitors. The customers can buy the alternatives as they serve the same purpose as the firms' products and this is a risk for companies. Customers always look for products which they can afford, and this makes them choose the best prices in the market. When the close substitutes are offered at low prices, they become more attractive than the other firm's products. The hotel's managers must be creative and innovative to come up with products which are unique and with no substitutes (Jrgensen, 2008, pp.236-238). Rivalry in the hotel industry is high as the competition is stiff. The rivalry can be among the businesses or the stakeholders of the firm. Business activities may fail when there is any interruption either internally or externally as companies activities need a conducive environment to grow. It is not easy to avoid industry rivalry, but companies must ensure peace and harmony among its stakeholders for good outcomes (Magretta, 2013).. Bargaining power of the customers can enable the hotels to change the modes of operation. The aims of businesses are to satisfy customers' needs and have an extensive customer base. If the customers are few than the companies, they tend to determine the nature their operations. These can be regarding prices of products, quality, and quantity. Bargaining power of suppliers can make the firm have a competitive advantage over the competitors in the market. Suppliers provide the business with raw materials, labor, etc. if the company have control of the suppliers these means that it have an advantage over the competitors. The forces of Porter aimed at showing how the company can become competitive in the market to have the high customer base. However, there is the blue ocean strategy which can be used by a hotel to ensure that it has a competitive advantage (Strategy, 2015). The plan aims at eliminating competition for the firm. The Great Wall Restaurant can achieve these by being creative and innovative and coming up with unique products. Also, the company can look for new markets which do not have competitors, and by this, it becomes the only supplier controlling the many customers. Review Analysis Leadership is based on the ability of the leaders to have power over his team and lead them to the execution of the set activities. Power is the ability to influence a particular group of people to listen and follow what an individual instructs. Managers as the leaders of the organization must have the power to supervise the employees as they do the business activities. Power comes from uniqueness character of an individual such as creativity, innovativeness, knowledge, wisdom, determination among other character traits of a power. The leader has the ability to influence people to do something without necessary using force. However, leaders can use force to influence people to do something. These leaders are known as dictators and they care only for their well-being. Democratic leaders, on the other hand, do not use force to influence a following but their behaviors attract the people to follow them willingly. In the case of Great Wall Restaurant, Henry the director is democratic in leadership but he has some vices such as favoritism and resistance to change. He is a parochial manager who is always pessimistic about the turn of events. Technology is very useful to the organization as it provides new ways of carrying out business which is less costly and time effective yet he is slow to implement them. Decision making was my aim goal as a consultant to help the hotel reduce the problems experiencing internally which may result in losses in the future. The two departments i.e. kitchen and restaurant floor are in rivalry because of some ethical issues did either by the employees or the managers. The approach I used in problem-solving and decision making as a consultant was the McKinsey approach. The McKinsey approach aims at getting the solution for the problem in the shortest time possible before the issues affecting the firm cause losses. The process should also consume fewer resources and return the business activities to normal. To be to solve a problem one must know the root causes of disputes. The approaches ensure that the solver is fact-based, impact-driven and focused in the quest to find the solution to the problem. The approaches have seven stages which aid problem-solving. The stages are defining the problem which is generally knowing what the problem causes unrest is. Pr oblem restructuring which is the. Prioritization of the main objectives of the hotel is key to see whether it strives to provide a conducive environment for employees working or stresses on profit making. Issue analysis and plan of action is trying to see what ways you can use to solve the problems. The analysis follows since there are many alternatives to solve the problem and problem solvers strive in arriving at the best one. Synthesis is the process of choosing the best solution to solve the problem at hand. Eventually after the problem solver gets the way to solve the problem he gives recommendation to the necessary body for execution (Taylor, 2013, pp.48-86). In the great wall restaurant, I noted that the main problem was disputes due to favoritism in the case of Henry to Richard and Shirley disputes, bad treatment of employees by the manager as Richard treated the restaurant floor employees harshly, resistance to change by the director who fears technology and avoids incorporating it in organization activities. The organization also employs less skilled employee as part-timers and this reduces the results achieved. Even though the cost of wages and salaries are high the management should not replace by employing non-skilled personnel. All the departments are important for the success of the organization and the management must carry them equally. Richard valued the kitchen department because of the services they do and ignore the restaurant floor workers not knowing that the kitchen department could not work alone to achieve business objectives. In conclusion, it is the duty of the management to change the issues identifying in my research to ensure that all stakeholders in the hotel work in peace and harmony. These will bring conducive working environment and motivate the employees for better performance. Management has the duty to ensure that the goals of the hotel are met thus ensure it has a competitive advantage over the business competitors. Ethical issues are very key I ensuring the success of the Hotel. The hotel business in Malaysia is on the rise, and this makes competition very high (Porter, 2008). Great Wall Hotel is faced by competition from competitors, rivalry among stakeholders, poor leadership among the managers, non-skilled personnel and technology. Managers like Henry and Richard have favoritism and do not listen to what other people say anytime. These cause disagreements among the stakeholders. Employees themselves do not respect each other leading to conflicts. The organization employees' individuals who are in colleges to work part-time and they have little and no skills. The firm uses old technology and staff are not trained for new changes in business activities. All these factors are vital to be looked into as they undermine the success of the firm (Rogelberg, Allen, Shanock, Scott, Shuffler, 2010, pp.149-172). All stakeholders in the organization must carry themselves in a manner that depicts good qualities. Positive relationship enables the business to succeed towards the achievement of the ultimate good which is meeting its targets. Leaders must have high leadership to ensure good cooperation among all parties and align them towards the goal (Northouse, 2012). Discussion Recommendations The Great Wall Restaurant has many problems which affect it internally. It is clear that the hotel is making good progress but the internal affairs are not correct, and these may lead to its failure. The problems the company faces results from the management to the employees and also among the employees themselves. The hotel is divided into many sections under different managers to oversee their operations. The kitchen department which is very key to the hotel as it deals with the making of the food is headed by Chef Richard Wong. The restaurant floor dealing with getting customer request by taking them to the kitchen department to make their orders is headed by Shirley Shan. The two departments are independent of each other for the satisfaction of the customer. However, they are at disagreements and conflicts. The head managing director is Henry Lim who is firstly ignorant and outdated as he has no technological knowledge. As managers, he must be aware of the latest technology to use it making the organization carry activities using current trends hence compete effectively (Alonso, Verdn, Caro, 2008, December, pp.235-238). Managers must be trained to enable them to be creative and innovative. Henry does not ensure the company uses new methods in executions of services. He is not aware of the Key systems very useful in helping key the orders of the customers hence serve them with ease. During the conflicts between Richard and Shirley Henry takes sides. He takes into considerations the feelings of Richard and ignores Shirley without proper judgment. The overall managers have the duty to supervise the departmental managers and solve their problems or conflicts amicably (Bomers, Peterson, 2013). It is important for the manager to not that all the departmental managers are equal and must be t reated equally to avoid further crisis. The treatment Henry did to Shirley by not giving her an opportunity to explain herself like Richard was unfair and made her hurt and disappointed. Disappointment makes people lose morale on their jobs, and this could affect the operation of Shirley in supervising food and restaurant department (Rothaermel, 2015). Richard, the head of the kitchen team, has a high temper. He treats his staff members but treats the members of other departments harshly (Goetsch, Davis, 2014).These are evident in that; makes jokes when members of his team make mistakes but abuse the restaurant floor team members for incorrect taking a customer order which was a mistake and not intentional. He lacks respects as he abuses the employee and also in the meeting by Henry he talks to Shirley badly by abusing her. In the meeting, he shows a lack of courtesy as he does not great the other staff yet he is a leader. It is evident that he is a wrong manager. As a manager, he has a duty to supervise all the employees regardless of the departments they work. A manager represents the organization and must be accountable and responsible. It is clear that the department he serves is paramount and employees are scarce but that does not guarantee special treatment by the director. The other units are very useful to the success of t he organization, and without them, the kitchen staff cannot serve alone and lead to the success of the team. The employees under Richard supervision have bad behavior as they intimidate the restaurant floor team by making sexist remarks, using vulgar language and being rude. These activities make the employee's feel hurt and report to their managers Shirley. It is wrong for employees to insult or treat their fellow colleagues bad. This act leads to rivalry between the two departments which to some extent reduces the hotel performance. Shirley Shan is the most professional person in the hotel as she carries duties in the required manner. She relates well with the team members with respect, and this has made the team members respectful to all the other employees in the other departments. Listens to the employees' complaints and report to the director despite him not taking any action. What she is doing is important as it is employee's motivation and making them feel a sense of belonging to the organization. Her team members are doing great work apart from the few mistakes they make. All employees need training when the technology changes to equip them with the skills to adopt the changes entirely. The Shirley's employee mistake of wrong order taking was a little, and ordinary mistake to be abuse as the orders and customers' demands were many leading to confusions (Dewan, Myatt, 2008, pp.351-368). In the organization, there are many challenges which must be resolved immediately not to bring losses in the future. The company employee little-qualified workers to cut on costs of wages and salaries and this may bring problems in the quality of services and products they offer to the customers. The business has high competition, and it should provide unique and high-quality products to compete effectively in the market. Technological changes are crucial for companies to enable them to get new ways of doing business faster and efficient (Baldwin, Scott, 2013).Managers must supervise employees equally and without any favors as all workers are essential. Employees are the people who aid in the fulfillment of the hotel goals and objective and must be motivated to have morale in their workings (Yee, Yeung, Cheng, 2008, pp. 651-668). Training is critical for organization staff regularly as with time their skills become outdated and they have difficulties in job executions. Managers can know their employees needs training when the wastage level is high, numerous conflicts, disappointment in reaching targets, frustrations, low sales, many mistakes, etc. in case When these factors are identified managers should offer training to their employees to enable, them to carry out their duties with ease (Mantere, 2008,pp.294-316). Conclusion The owners of the hotel must factor into various factors to ensure that the hotel does not fail. The factors include the following. Increase the number of skilled employees who are creative and innovative to create and offer unique products and services. Train the managers on how to relate to each other and also the different stakeholders in the organization. Create awareness among the employees on the need to treat each other with fairness and no intimidation. Managers to do market research and get to know the new changes in technology to enable new production methods. Training of the staff upon adoption of new ways of carrying out business. Managers to treat the employees well and also motivate them when they do great work (Aguinis, Kraiger, 2009, pp.451-474). References Aguinis, H., Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society.Annual review of psychology,60, 451-474. Baldwin, W., Scott, J. (2013).Market structure and technological change(Vol. 18). Taylor Francis. Bomers, G. B., Peterson, R. B. (2013).Conflict management and industrial relations. Springer Science Business Media. Burke, A. E., van Stel, A. J., Thurik, R. (2009). Blue Ocean versus competitive strategy: theory and evidence. Dewan, T., Myatt, D. P. (2008). The qualities of leadership: Direction, communication, and obfuscation.American Political science review,102(03), 351-368. Franks, D. M., Davis, R., Bebbington, A. J., Ali, S. H., Kemp, D., Scurrah, M. (2014). Conflict translates environmental and social risk into business costs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(21), 7576-7581. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Jrgensen, J. J. (2008). Michael Porters contribution to strategic management.BASE-Revista de Administrao e Contabilidade da Unisinos,5(3), 236-238. Ladyshewsky, R. K. (2010). The manager as coach as a driver of organizational development.Leadership Organization Development Journal,31(4), 292-306. Ladyshewsky, R. K. (2010). The manager as coach as a driver of organizational development.Leadership Organization Development Journal,31(4), 292-306. Mager, B. (2008). Market research. InDesign Dictionary(pp. 255-256). Birkhuser Basel. Magretta, J. (2013).Understanding Michael Porter: The essential guide to competition and strategy. Harvard business press. McElhaney, K. (2009). A strategic approach to corporate social responsibility.Leader to Leader,52(1), 30-36. Northouse, P. G. (2012).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Porter, M. E. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy.Harvard business review,86(1), 25-40. Porter, M. E. (2008).On competition. Harvard Business Press. Porter, M. E. (2011).Competitive advantage of nations: creating and sustaining superior performance. Simon and Schuster. Pulver, S. (2012). Business and the Environment. Rogelberg, S. G., Allen, J. A., Shanock, L., Scott, C., Shuffler, M. (2010). Employee satisfaction with meetings: A contemporary facet of job satisfaction.Human Resource Management,49(2), 149-172. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Strategy, B. O. (2015). Blue Ocean Strategy. Yee, R. W., Yeung, A. C., Cheng, T. E. (2008). The impact of employee satisfaction on quality and profitability in high-contact service industries.Journal of operations management,26(5), 651-668. Zsolnai, L., Tencati, A. (Eds.). (2009).The future international manager: a vision of the roles and duties of management. Springer. Taylor, D. W. (2013). Decision making and problem solving.Handbook of organizations, 48-86. Alonso, I. A., Verdn, J. C., Caro, E. T. (2008, December). The importance of IT strategic demand management in achieving the objectives of the strategic business planning. InComputer Science and Software Engineering, 2008 International Conference on(Vol. 2, pp. 235-238). IEEE.

THE BACCHAE Essay Example For Students

THE BACCHAE Essay A monologue from the play by Euripides NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Plays of Euripides in English, vol. ii. Trans. Shelley Dean Milman. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1922. TIRESIAS: Tis easy to be eloquent, for himThats skilled in speech, and hath a stirring theme.Thou hast the flowing tongue as of a wise man,But theres no wisdom in thy fluent words;For the bold demagogue, powerful in speech,Is but a dangerous citizen lacking sense.This the new deity thou laughst to scorn,I may not say how mighty he will beThroughout all Hellas. Youth! there are two thingsMans primal need, Demeter, the boon Goddess(Or rather will ye call her Mother Earth?),With solid food maintains the race of man.He, on the other hand, the son of Semele,Found out the grapes rich juice, and taught us mortalsThat which beguiles the miserable of mankindOf sorrow, when they quaff the vines rich stream.Sleep too, and drowsy oblivion of careHe gives, all-healing medicine of our woes.He mong the gods is worshipped a great god,Author confessed to man of such rich blessingsHim dost thou love to scorn, as in Joves thighSewn up. This truth profound will I unfold:When Jove had snatched him from t he lightning fire,He to Olympus bore the new-born babe.Stern Here strove to thrust him out of heaven,But Jove encountered her with wiles divine:He clove off part of th earth-encircling air,There Dionysus placed the pleasing hostage,Aloof from jealous Here. So men saidHereafter he was cradled in Joves thigh(From the assonance of words in our old tongueFor thigh and hostage the wild fable grew).A prophet is our god, for BacchanalismAnd madness are alike prophetical.And when the god comes down in all his power,He makes the mad to rave of things to come.Of Ares he hath attributes: he the hostIn all its firm array and serried arms,With panic fear scatters, ere lance cross lance:From Dionysus springs this frenzy too.And him shall we behold on Delphis cragsLeaping, with his pine torches lighting upThe rifts of the twin-headed rock; and shoutingAnd shaking all around his Bacchic wandGreat through all Hellas. Pentheus, be advised!Vaunt not thy power oer man, even if thou thinkestThat thou ar t wise (it is diseased, thy thought),Think it not! In the land receive the god.Pour wine, and join the dance, and crown thy brows.Dionysus does not force our modest matronsTo the soft Cyprian rites; the chaste by natureAre not so cheated of their chastity.Think well of this, for in the Bacchic choirThe holy woman will not be less holy.Thourt proud, when men to greet thee throng the gates,And the glad city welcomes Pentheus name;He too, I ween, delights in being honoured.I, therefore, and old Cadmus whom thou mockst,Will crown our heads with ivy, dance alongAn hoary pairfor dance perforce we must;I war not with the gods. Follow my counsel;Thourt at the height of madness, theres no medicineCan minister to disease so deep as thine. We will write a custom essay on THE BACCHAE specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Computer Mediated Communication

Computer Mediated Communication Introduction The impacts of intercultural awareness in the use of electronic email exchange between Hungarian learners and native English speakers seem to correspond with Laura (2009) that use of email as a communicative device provides a platform needed to authentic communicative events but the researcher neither tests the hypothesis nor evaluates the program.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Computer Mediated Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Laura (2009) also states that email communication enhances exchange of ideas between native speakers and L2 learners which improves reading and writing skills and development of cultural awareness in the long run. This is inconsistence with Kern (1998) reports that indicated no communication improvement of students who learn from interaction with their virtual peers. Researcher deviation from scientific research procedures in developing research design, population and sample collection can not gain the status of real and useful investigation. Background Unfortunately, although research shows that the sample group consisted of 13 pairs of both Hungarian and American students, it did not indicate how the samples were chosen or the demographic location of the research. It is also unclear of what â€Å"L2 learners† are despite being used throughout the research. Also, the research did not indicate the range of sample group composition in terms of age, demographic location, gender and race which suggests that the study findings provide unclear perspective on the selection of sample group. In examination of social interaction such as an academic environment for his case, a researcher needs to gain first-hand information about social process, essential measurement tools and appropriate research methods.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wi th 15% OFF Learn More For this reason, constant comparative method used as a qualitative analysis tool may hold more promise than their use since the researcher only looked at the end-product. However, little research on constant comparative method supports the coding process of what Strauss and Corbin (1990) states as â€Å"breaking down, examining, comparing, conceptualizing and categorizing data† (p.61) as effective data collection method, little research has reported their efficacy in social environment. The study did not however describe how participants were trained or record data collected. No published studies have reported on the usefulness of computer mediated communication as a platform for development of English language speaking and writing skills even though e-mail communication has become common in consumer culture during the past decades. The theoretical basis for this research included principles drawn from social based practices of a learning environment to elucidate participants’ needs. Since the researcher was also a teacher of the Hungarian students, results of the study could have been manipulated to fit her perspective. Literature review The research should have begun by introducing the reader of what intercultural communication is and how it relates to intellectual awareness. The author fails to mention what intercultural communication and competence in relation to academic learning environment. Literature review provided here in discussion of intercultural communication is very limited and also fails to provide substantial evidence on intercultural communication as intellectual awareness tool. For example, the author emphasises on the importance of computer-mediated communication to help students learn and interact with one another through debate and discussions, but many questions such as is email communication as the primary communication tool in schools remain unanswered in this area.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Computer Mediated Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also unknown from this literature whether the learning outcomes frequency or duration of email exchange influences cultural awareness or rather intellectual awareness and how long the effects lasts. In addition, it is unclear whether the positive influence of electronic emailing is affected by professional (the school instructor) and where the training of use of email is used. None of the articles reviewed discussed specific learning outcomes of electronic emails in terms of the number of students who reported to have benefited from the program; therefore whether specific learning outcomes in relations to intellectual awareness are more or less effective in positively influencing intercultural awareness, language skills and elimination of stereotype remains unclear. Future research should place emphasise on these variable s if our understanding of the related factors influencing the use is to be expanded. Project description Research period of the project is reported to have started in spring 2005 and does not indicate the period in which the project was completed. The study sample was randomised but the criteria on which the participants were selected in terms of age and race and gender were not mentioned which means that the population as a whole was not fully represented. When it comes to research objective, the author presents two objectives of the project which is confusing to a novice researcher. First; Laura (2009), states the objective of the project to be to develop better intercultural awareness and positive attitudes toward the target cultures, as students discussed information about the cultures, languages, and teacher education systems of the two countries (3).Advertising Looking for critical writing on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, towards the beginning of the essay, in the introduction part, the Laura (2009) stated the objective to investigate the development of intercultural awareness in an electronic mail (e-mail) discussion project between Hungarian learners of English and American speakers (1). Even when known, neither of the objectives represents the underlying philosophy or may lead to tangible results. This makes it difficult for a reader to determine variables to be measured against each other in the research project. Also, since the sample consisted of people who were community dwelling (a school setting), who were Hungarian learners and Native American speakers, pursuing language education and needed access to authenticate communicative events. The results should be not be applied to other factors of learning population since its unclear how the samples were chosen. Future research plan should include randomised sample with clear variables in terms of age and race and use controlled trials with a larger and more inclusive sample than the selected 13 participants. The author should have introduced measurement tools to be used in data collection and participants should have had thorough knowledge of specific progression of communicative approaches used in the research. This case report describes the outcome of email communication to have improved their English language and writing skills for students who participated in the study. It illustrates the importance of electronic email communication to have helped the students developed effective writing skills, improve critical thinking and reasoning skills. All this claims are based on assumptions as the researcher did not introduce variables to be used in the study objective. Period of research project was not however included in evaluating numbers of individuals at regular intervals. Laura (2009) also required students in the study group to freely choose topic of their preference, which did provide controlled trials of t he research hypothesis. To begin with, she has too many research questions. For example, the study groups are asked by Laura (2009) to choose topics based on teachers education program, personal experience, personal communication, experience of school, experience with other cultures, teacher education program, travelling, minority-majority cultures, festivals, fashion, sports, environment, foreign language learning and teaching (4) to mention just a few. It seems to me that she decided to implement emails as a teaching tool and at some point she realised ‘ahhh this email exchange thing is very good for raising intercultural awareness too! Oh I can publish it. Design and Methods Research methodology only uses the reflective papers of her students which is qualitative data and does not include triangulation. Combining both qualitative and quantitative methods (triangulation) may provide enough information that may improve validity of the results. Triangulation approach uses mult iple sources of data collection which extends the quality of data and reliability of the results (Robinson 1992). The research should have also used methodological sampling paradigms of quantitative exploration for using observable, measurable and quantifiable facts which could have helped explain why some diverse principle and knowledge about the simple world (Perry 2005, p.55; Glense and Peshkin 1992). Another important potential benefit of using quantitative paradigm is that it produces knowledge that is free from manipulation that can be generalized. Information on such concerns are meaningful and may assists researchers during their evaluation like in guiding evaluation interviews and develop particular explanations and predictions to generalize from the sample population. This information may also help a novice researcher to maximise his analytic skills such as structured observation and content analysis (Dorney 2007). Researcher did not include additional criteria to help rul e out difficulties in using language development in relation to vocabulary, grammar and style that were not related to email exchange. She does not take into consideration the Hawthorne effect despite the fact that she is the participants’ teacher. Too many variables were used in the research. For example, participants belonged to different age groups, are at various language proficiency levels. She does not mention how their level was determined either before or after the project (pretest/ posttest). She does not tell us how their intercultural competence was measured before and after the project. What were participants’ motives for taking part in the project? Were the Hungarians tested/ marked on their performance or participation? What were the US participants’ motives? She does not question that. Both intellectual awareness and computer mediated communication are represented in the studies reviewed, but the constant comparative method did not develop a theor y that explained the mergence of electronic email and how they connected to the reality of the research of promoting cultural awareness (Glaser and Strauss (1967, p.28). In coding procedure, Strauss and Corbin (1990) states that constant comparative method mentioned in open coding involves â€Å"the process of breaking down, examining, comparing, conceptualizing and categorizing data â€Å" (p. 61) but Laura (2009, p.6) in this case has only compared the participants texts and refinement of the categories and failed to conceptualize and break down the data. This means that the data obtained here can not guide subsequent theoretical sampling decisions. As a result, studies that follow constant comparative methods of data dissemination after collecting initial data will allow use of insights from that analysis and offers full perspective of future research of data collection. The researcher should have allowed contacts with participants spaced over time or tract changes in the text messages until a strong theoretical understanding of the event or phenomenon has emerged. Follow up times that ranges from certain period should also be specified. The research methodology adopted raises questions about the validity, reliability and transferability of the findings. Findings Geographic region: The studies reflect intellectual awareness in an electronic email between Hungarian and American learners findings and offer a broader perspective on how the communication technology improve cultural awareness among other things. The findings however, failed to provide geographical location of the study and since the author specifically mentions the research to be international email exchange, it would be impossible for one to consider findings only from one country to be reliable and conclusive. The study reviews were completed from February to April, making a total study period of 8-9 weeks. This study shows incompetence in determining the exact study period, which should be either 8 or 9 weeks. Future research should follow participants beyond the stated period after questionnaires were issued to determine accurately of data obtained (Laura 2009, p.4). The findings would have been useful if; it was a longitudinal study used learner diaries was not based on a one-to-one interaction through email (some of the participants did not even get on with each other!). A discussion board would have been much more useful (and perhaps more fun for the participants). This would also make the task of cultural exchange more authentic, as it is a totally made-up situation. In real life, we don’t really use emails to learn about each other’s culture. Although the descriptive information of how variables were selected is valuable, it raises questions about what is the expected the learning outcomes and how they can be used for future research. Knowing what to expect during the research analysis may help in evaluating the impacts of intellectual awareness i n an electronic email and quality of data obtained and identifying areas for improvement. The findings on the rates of efficacies of electronic email emphasised the need for development of hypothesis which could be measured at the end of the study. For example, Laura (2009, p.5) reported improved writing skills on Hungarian learners as reported by their American counterparts. Participants demonstrated their ability to learn English proficiency skills through email exchange but these findings did not support the use of electronic email communication as the primary learning tool for developing reading and writing skills among Hungarian learners. Whereas the research is focused on intellectual awareness in electronic email, the study provides evidence that students experienced difficulties in language development in relation to vocabulary, grammar and style. The research did not show how the school teacher trained in using constant comparative method and the arrangements of significan t association with use of email exchange in academic environment to improve communication skills, which is inconsistence with the research objective to determine their relationship. These discrepancies could be attributed from different study population, or types of measurement used. As indicated earlier in the literature review, language learners can learn effectively and more directly through email exchange, and the research relies on accuracy of data obtained from respondents. The research did not make efforts to reduce response bias in email communication in both Hungarian and American native speakers, the results should therefore be applied cautiously. Threats to biasness can be reduced by having assessment and training administered by professional people and not the students instructor for this case. Additional research is required to determine the extent to which computer mediated communication led to the observed benefit of improved writing skills and cultural awareness (Lau ra 2009, p.4). Data analysis Lack of training in email use among Hungarian learners and American natives will not have beneficial effects on the ability of students to speak and learn English skills which could have strong negative effect on research results obtained. Several study features that were required to determine email features in both written and spoken languages were inappropriate for specific design of the participants (Laura 2009, p.5). The author also reported that the Hungarian learners claimed to have improved their general writing, but did not provide any measurement to determine the credibility of these results. All this findings indicate critical need for developing specific measurement tool regarding improved language skills before the results could be published. The findings also suggested that suitable quantitative tool such as ethnographic fieldwork should have been determined at the beginning of the study to eliminate some instances of assumptions. Also, no c alculations conducted to determine whether a statistically improvement were provided. Discussion The main research is to develop ethnographic emphasis that understands and interprets participants’ views of the social world, academic environment for this case. Qualitative tool used was not appropriate for addressing views in social phenomenon because it requires people to interact more between perspectives and experiences (Firestone 1987) as opposed to how Laura (2009) generalized all the results. The difficulties most often cited by participants were different perceptions in discussing education problems due to cultural diversity and age difference (Laura 2009, p.7) which might be the problem most affected by the interventions in this study. Researchers are encouraged to consider diversity on education difficulties interpretation for participants who present with these issues for future research. The research should also include ethnographic fieldwork to collect data about th e way participants acts when interacting. According to Wolfson (1983), application of ethnographic fieldwork as a primary study measurement would provide most varied data and satisfactory results for research in pragmatics. Conclusion and Recommendations The adaptation of appropriate methods for research project is very important. Use of multiple perspectives such as triangular methods increases reliability of data collected which can be used for future research. Much research has to be done in identifying research design, population and sample collection otherwise we would be far from understanding the complicated nature of research methodology. All factors identified in this review that includes the relationship between humans and communicative devices must be considered if the expectation of concrete and reliable research is to be met. The fulfilment of this obligation can be accomplished through research, choosing desirable measurement tool, training on measurement toll to be us ed and addressing concerns of the students. Although the sample size for this research was small, further research is recommended to refine this area. The researcher also specify if the study used interviews, surveys, questionnaire or observable data at the very beginning of the research and include participants characteristics such as gender, gender ratio and race. List of References Dorney, Z,.2007, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Firestone, W. A. !987, ‘Meaning in method: the rhetoric of quantitative and qualitative research’, Educational Research, vol. 16, no.7, pp.16-21. Glaser, B. G. Strauss, a. L. 1967, The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies  for Qualitative Research. Aldine De Gruyter, New York. Glesne, C., Peshkin, A. 1992, Becoming qualitative researcher: an introduction, Longman, London Kern, R. 1998. Technology, social interaction and FL literacy. In J. Muyskens (Ed.),  New ways of learning and teaching: focus on technology and foreign language education , Heinle Heinle Publishers, Boston. Laura, F. 2009, ‘Outcomes of an intercultural e-mail based university discussion project, Language and Intercultural Communication, vol. 9, no.1, pp. 1-10 Perry, F. L. 2005, Research in Applied Linguistics, Routledge. Robinson, M. A 1992, Introspective methodology in interlanguage pragmatics  research, HI University of Howaii, Honolulu. Strauss, A. Corbin, J. 1990, Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory  Procedures and Techniques, Sage Publications, Newbury Park. Woldson, N. 1983, Rules of speaking: language and communication, Longman, London.

Internation study-proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internation study-proposal - Essay Example Globalization leads to increased government lending by developed nations and hence the country is able to start and complete economic projects. Access to funds improves various government aspects such as education, healthcare and social services. Globalization reduces poverty since people are employed and have access to better education. Expansion of some companies to developed nations brings resources necessary to develop new industries and in the end local industries grow more. On the other hand, globalization also has negative effects to developing nations. According to Brown and Lauder, globalization limits the expansion of industries in developing nations (Brown and Hugh 14). Globalization leads to unfair competition that brings down local companies in developing nations. Fallen companies in turn leads to an imbalance between exports and imports and hence such countries develop at a slower rate. Globalization leads to export of knowledge such that the developing nations have no skilled labor for their industries (Kose 208). The salaries in developing nations are low as compared to developed nations. Since globalization allows for movement of labor, most people tend to leave the undeveloped countries and go to developed nations to seek for employment. This hampers industrial and economic growth of many developing

Compare and Contrast US policy toward Cuba under George H.W. Bush and Research Proposal

Compare and Contrast US policy toward Cuba under George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton - Research Proposal Example Currently, there exists no official diplomatic relationship between Cuba and the U.S; rather the countries have maintained an embargo that makes any business association between Cubans and U.S corporations illegal. Analysts argue that the conflict between the U.S and Cuba is as a result of the Americans imperialism ideology that is invading the freedom of Cubans. The U.S has maintained its military troops in Guantanamo Bay despite Cuba’s independence in 1992. This move has continued hindering the process of transformation in Cuba and the diplomatic relationship between the two nations is described as tense. The Cuban ambassadorial representation in the U.S in handled by Interest sections in Washington D.C while the U.S is represented politically by similar interest section in Havana. The U.S administration has continued with the Business embargo in both president Bill Clintons Administration as well as the President Bush’s governance. The relationship between the U.S and Cuba is major dominated by restrictions and conflicts. These include economic sanctions and traveling limitations between the two countries. The consequence of such sanctions is reduced interactions in terms of commerce, politics and civilian relationships between the two countries. The U.S government idea of embargo is to facilitate peaceful transformation of Cuban governance from political instability to democracy and an administration that respects human rights (Roy 2000, 123). The embargo dates back to the Eisenhower’s administration in the U.S, this is the time when Fidel Castro took power. The U.S was so much involved with war against communism (Cold War) and it banned shipment of arms to Cuban since at the time, Castro was leading a large rebel group (Perez 2003, 274). The whole of the U.S administration since then has been characterized by

How to protect against 4 e-commerce security challenges Essay Example for Free

How to protect against 4 e-commerce security challenges Essay Introduction Nowadays is the trends that trust the Internet commerce application where it can cause business operators. Some people will revert back to using the traditional method of doing business. The trust can be lost due to the situation where the hacker attack on e-commerce sites. According to the study done by Hammonds (2014) state that full-scale identity theft to web profiling come with various issues that been disturbed the consumer and vendor itself. That why, E-commerce also known as a form of buying and selling of product and services for the business and for the customer through the internet According to research done by Mukherjee (2016) state that online sale increasing day by day because customer take advantage of the low price product that offered by the wholesaler or the manufacturer in the online mood. Besides that, e-commerce also helps the customer and the organization in term of gaining the information through the technology that has been provided. Under Industry 4.0 concept, outstanding growth in advance and the information technology in social media network has been increasingly influencing human perception. That small enterprise that adopts e-commerce performs better than those which fail to adopt because of the catalytic effect on business performance (Wanyoike, et al. , 2012). This is because e-commerce adoption is not automatic due to the weaknesses of resources, for example, financial with e-commerce skill where the small enterprise have done it on the daily basis. It is shown that small enterprise can influence people to the business by using e-commerce by increasing the information about the social media network. The scope of study that has been done by Mihyun Chung Jaehyoun (2014) Kim elaborate that the Industry 4.0 is the industrial revolution with the future of core technology trend is expected to result in an all-new era of automated industries. Furthermore, the internet devices significantly improve the quality o f lives and in result will have a large impact on society. This has been proved with the development of small industry where they can go far in business by using the internet and apply the e-commerce business. Implementation of e-commerce is required high cost and need a strong economy-justification (Valmohammadi et al., 2016). This is because, in order to get the internet connection, there are a lot of things need build and upgraded in order to get the best connection. A poor connection can give the bad perception of the customer to the country and the nation and the ever-increasing growth of e-commerce in develop countries must be followed by the business policy and strategies that have bee fundamentally reconsidered as in the developing country. Acting as online marketplaces, e-commerce websites and mobile applications that facilitate online commercial transactions allow manufacturers, merchants, retailers and service and content providers to list their products, services or content online (Yen et al.,2015). To get success in e-commerce, there is some business model of e-commerce which it is has been structured in order to plan the activities more thoroughly to gain profit for an organization. The table below shows the key elements of e-commerce business model. ELEMENT DESCRIPTION VALUE PROPOSITION How a company’s products or services fulfill its customers’ requirements [14]. REVENUE MODEL How a company generates revenue and creates profit. MARKET OPPORTUNITY The marketplace that a company intends to enter, as well as the company’s potential financial opportunities in that marketplace. Many small market segments constitute a marketplace. MARKET STRATEGY How a company plans to enter a new marketplace and attract new customers. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT Potential new entrants or other companies that offer similar products or services in the same marketplace. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE A company offers superior products or services at a lower price than its competitors do [23]. ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT How a company organizes its work in a targeted, goal-oriented manner. MANAGEMENT TEAM. Leaders of a company’s business unit, responsible for the business model. Source: Adapted from Laudon, K.C., and Traver, C.G. E-commerce 2015: business. technology. society., 11th edition, pp58-68, Pearson [16]. Industry 4.0 is one of technology innovation after been through with the other three industry before. This industry is most modern where everything needs to use the internet in order to complete the task given. The information that available on the internet are not necessarily mean or lead to the success directly ( Kleindienst et al. , 2016). In contrast, the information usually gives some tools and methods and the right information is still needed in order to increase the effectiveness and lead the innovation. No wonder nowadays, it has been the topic that most frequent being discussed among the practitioners and academics in the German-speaking area (Dais, 2014, p. 625; Drath Horch, 2014, p. 56).In this industrial revolution, it provides various opportunities to the company, especially in e-commerce fields. According to Zhou (2015) article state that industry 4.0 system is complex and flexible where there are involving). This is due to challenges that the industry facing by dealin g with big data issue in order to make a decision rapidly for making an improvement. Big data becomes a buzzword for everyone because data mining already been since human-generated content has been a boost to the social network. The development of an Internet of Things (IoT) framework and the emergence of sensing technology have created unified information that will be connected with the systems and human together ( Jay Ley et al. , 2014). This is because nowadays only use a database in order to get and save the information into the system. When the internet has been well developing, it can help human to work more effectively with the system and can help the human to save time use the technology wisely.

Essay --

Introduction When World War II finally came to a close on May 7, 1945, a new war was just beginning. The Cold War symbolized the evident, yet unorthodox rivalry that stemmed between the United States and Soviet Russia, including their respective allies. (This war was fought on economic, political, and propaganda scales , with limited alternatives to weaponry, largely due to the fact that they had fear of a nuclear genocide.)^1 This expression, â€Å"The Cold War†, was initially used by Presidential Adviser, Bernard Baruch, in a â€Å"legislative debate in 1947.†("Bernard Baruch Coins the Term "Cold War"" History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.) Intelligence operations governing this war have been conducted by the Soviet State Security Service (KGB), and the C.I.A representing the two powers, Russia and the United States respectively, that arose from the echoes of World War II. Both have steered a pool of operations from large scale military intrusion and treas on to secret spying and scrutiny missions; they have experienced both success and failure. The Bay of Pigs fiasco was soon followed by Kennedy's handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The decisions he made were helped immensely by intelligence congregated from critical examination photos of the U-2, a plane that soars at high altitudes. With these operations put into consideration, citizens of the United States, as well as Soviet Russia, were immensely effected politically, economically and ideologically. Politically, it was apart of an American standard that we shall have a foreign enemy; this would lead to the Capitalism vs. Communism debacle. Furthermore, extensive events, such as the ‘Red Scare’, put the American people in a state of paranoia and vulnerabilit... ...the age we live in today to scrutinize the enemy and ally alike so as to be able to understand their capabilities and weaknesses without intelligence agencies. The CIA and KGB by themselves can not guarantee freedom from war, but with great knowledge within each of the organizations’ leaders, intelligent decisions can be made in the interest of the public. Furthermore, the way things are now and the foundation of political power seems to be remaining at a stand-still in-which the Easterners and Westerners are on opposing sides. There can never be legitimate and absolute complete freedom from war, but these intelligence agencies will continue to thrive contrary to the despicable ideals of the public for a complete utopia; their simply can not be peace, as one side believes in the power of government over all and the other supporting individualism/capitalism.

Innate Knowledge Locke Essay

The thought that humans are born with some sort of innate ideas has been a much debated topic for many years. It is impossible to say if it is true or not, but it is believed true by many people, including some religions. John Locke has several arguments against innate knowledge; among these, the argument that states that if we did in fact possess innate ideas, then everybody would agree on at least one idea. There are no principles that everybody aggress on. Therefore, innate ideas cannot possibly exist. Locke uses the logic of this argument for several different situations such as the argument for moral innate knowledge. Locke starts off this argument by saying â€Å"No moral principles so clear and so generally received as the fore-mentioned speculative maxims. If those speculative maxims whereof we discoursed in the foregoing chapter, have not an actually universal assent from all mankind, as we there proved it is much more visible concerning practical principles, that they come short of a universal reception; and I think it will be hard to instance any one moral rule which can pretend to so general and ready an assent as, ‘What is, is’, or to be so manifest a truth as this, ‘That it is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be. ’† (pg 26 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding) Some people believe that every person has a set of morals bestowed in them at birth, but Locke argues this by saying that not every person in the world agrees on a set of morals so there is no possible way this could be true. He says that there is not a single moral idea that we can say that everybody in the world agrees to, which eliminates any question of innate knowledge. Descartes would disagree with Locke on the subject of innate ideas. He felt that we did possess these types of ideas and would probably reply to Locke’s argument by saying that although all people may not agree on one moral idea, that doesn’t mean that they do not possess any innate idea, they may possess different ones. Descartes may also respond by saying that it’s God’s will for us to possess these ideas and only he knows why everybody does not agree on a single one. This argument wouldn’t hold up well against Locke’s because it seems that moral ideas are developed depending on the religion or part of the world that a person is raised in. It seems much more plausible that, with humans at least, an infant is a blank slate and is taught everything that it will need to survive. It might be easier for Descartes to argue against animal innate knowledge since animals seem to possess it much more than humans do. Some animals are not even raised by a parent, simply born and left to fend for themselves, but since Descartes also feels animals lack intelligence, I would imagine he would not begin to argue to possibility of them possessing any sort of innate knowledge. On this particular subject, I would side more with Locke than Descartes. Locke addresses some serious issues that arise when suggesting that innate ideas exist. He says that if we did in fact possess innate ideas, then everybody would agree on at least one idea. There are no principles that everybody aggress on. Therefore, innate ideas cannot possibly exist. This seems to be a pretty obvious statement in the world today and since the beginning of time. People have always disagreed on anything they could and will always disagree. It is completely impossible to prove or disprove the existence of innate ideas, but Locke comes much closer to disproving them than anybody else does to proving them. It seems that in order for a person to prove the existence of these ideas, they would also need to prove the existence of a supreme being. The argument for innate knowledge in animals would be much more believable than the argument for innate knowledge in humans. When an infant is born, it is completely helpless; it does not have the power to walk or understand they things around it and it can’t even see more than 12 inches in front of its face. I find it hard to believe that anything this helpless could possible have any ideas about morals or anything else in the world. Animals have a sense of survival that humans lack. From the moment they are born, a majority of them learn to walk within minutes or hours, and some are even left by their parents to fend for themselves. This shows the possibility of innate knowledge much more than a human child and if we are all born with any type of agreement on a set or moral principles, why do we have a law we have to enforce? If we did agree on this subject, we would not have to prosecute anybody for breaking any moral code that our society sets for us to follow.

Ear Anatomy